Mukamagwiritsa ntchito injini zosaka zosiyanasiyana kuti mufufuze "Japan metallurgy", mupeza kuti mitundu yonse ya nkhani ndi makanema omwe adafufuzidwa akuti Japan metallurgy yakhala patsogolo padziko lapansi kwazaka zambiri, China, United States ndi Russia sizowoneka bwino. monga Japan, ikudzitamandira za Japan ndikuponda pa China, United States ndi Russia, koma kodi ndi choncho?Mobei wakhala akuchita nawo bizinesi yonyamula katundu kwa zaka zambiri.Iyenera kukonza dzina la zitsulo zaku China zokhala ndi zitsulo ndikuwulula mulingo weniweni wazitsulo zaku China, zomwe ndizoposa zomwe mumayembekezera!
Makampani opanga zitsulo amaphatikiza zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zitsulo zosiyanasiyana zachitsulo ndi zitsulo zopanda chitsulo.Ndizovuta kuyerekeza mwachindunji kuti ndi dziko liti lomwe likutsogolera.Komabe, nkosavuta kutsimikizira ngati zitsulo zaku Japan zikutsogola padziko lonse lapansi.Titha kuwona momwe zinthu ziliri pamsika wamakampani opanga zitsulo, ndiyeno kumvetsetsa mozama za mpikisano wazinthu zina zazikulu zazitsulo.Ponseponse, msika wapadziko lonse wa zitsulo zogulitsa kunja ndi madola 380 biliyoni aku US, zitsulo za China zimagulitsa 39.8 biliyoni za US, Japan ndi 26.7 biliyoni za US, Germany ndi 25.4 biliyoni za US, South Korea ndi 23.5 biliyoni za US ndipo Russia ndi 19.8 biliyoni za US dollars. .Pankhani ya zitsulo zotumiza kunja, China ili patsogolo pa Japan.Anthu ena anganene kuti "Chitsulo cha China ndi chachikulu koma chosalimba", koma dziko la China lapezadi ndalama zambiri zakunja kudzera m'mayiko akunja.Malingana ndi deta yonse ya kunja kwachitsulo, Japan sikutsogolera dziko.Kenaka, mpikisano wazitsulo zazikulu zazitsulo zimawunikidwa.Uketani wamtengo wapatali wa piramidi yachitsulo chachitsulo kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi ndi: superalloy, chida ndi kufa chitsulo, kubala zitsulo, ultra-high zitsulo, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.
Superalloy
Tiyeni tikambirane za superalloys.Ma Superalloys ali pamwamba pa piramidi yamtengo wapatali.Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa superalloys kumangotenga 0,02% yokha ya zitsulo zonse, koma msika wamsika ndi wokwera kufika mabiliyoni ambiri a madola, ndipo mtengo wake ndi wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa wazitsulo zina.Poyerekeza ndi mtengo wa nthawi yomweyi, mtengo wa tani imodzi ya superalloy ndi wokwera kwambiri mpaka madola masauzande ambiri, mtengo wa tani imodzi ya zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi madola masauzande ambiri, ndipo mtengo pa tani imodzi ya zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi mazana a madola.Ma Superalloys amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka muzamlengalenga ndi ma turbines a gasi.Palibe mabizinesi osapitilira 50 omwe amatha kupanga ma Superalloys amlengalenga padziko lonse lapansi.Mayiko ambiri amawona zinthu za superalloy muzamlengalenga ngati zida zankhondo.
PCC (precision castparts Corp) ili m'gulu la mabizinesi asanu apamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi kupanga ma superalloy mabizinesi ake SMC (Special Metals Corporation), VDM yaku Germany, imphy alloys of France, carpenter Technology Corporation ya United States ndi ATI (Allegheny Technologies Inc) ya United States, ndiye adayikidwa mu Hitachi zitsulo ndi mafakitale azitsulo ku Japan.Kuyang'ana pa zomwe mabizinesi onse amatuluka, zotuluka ku United States ndizokwera kwambiri kuposa zamayiko ena.
Chida ndi chitsulo chakufa
Kupatula chida ndi kufa chitsulo, chida ndi kufa zitsulo ndi dzina wamba zitsulo kufa ndi mkulu-liwiro chida zitsulo.Ndilo gawo lofunika kwambiri la zida zakufa komanso zothamanga kwambiri.Tooling amadziwika kuti "mayi wa makampani amakono", zomwe zimasonyeza kufunika tooling zitsulo makampani amakono.Chida ndi chitsulo chakufa ndi mtundu wachitsulo chapadera chokhala ndi mtengo wowonjezera, ndipo mtengo wamtengo wapatali ndi wapamwamba kuposa wachitsulo wapadera wamba.
Mabizinesi asanu apamwamba omwe ali pagulu la zida zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi: Austria VAI / Voestalpine, China Tiangong international, Germany smo bigenbach / schmolz + bickenbach, Northeast China special steel, China Baowu, Japan Datong ili pa nambala 6, ndi mabizinesi aku China omwe ali paudindo. 20 mu linanena bungwe: Hebei Wenfeng mafakitale gulu, Qilu chitsulo wapadera, Great Wall chitsulo wapadera, Taiwan Ronggang CITIC.Pankhani ya mabizinesi 20 apamwamba kwambiri omwe amapanga zida ndi zitsulo zakufa, kutulutsa kwa zida ndi chitsulo chakufa ku China ndikokwera kwambiri kuposa m'maiko ena.
Kukhala ndi zitsulo
Tiye tikambirane za kubala zitsulo.Kunyamula zitsulo ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yolimba kwambiri yazitsulo pakupanga zitsulo zonse.Zili ndi zofunikira kwambiri pa kufanana kwa mankhwala, zomwe zili ndi kugawa kwazinthu zopanda zitsulo komanso kugawa kwa carbides zitsulo zonyamula.Makamaka, zitsulo zamtengo wapatali zazitsulo zapamwamba siziyenera kunyamula katundu kwa nthawi yaitali, komanso kukhala zolondola, zowongolera, zolimba komanso zodalirika.Ndi imodzi mwazitsulo zapadera zomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti zisungunuke.Fushun Special Steel ndege zokhala ndi zitsulo zili ndi msika wapakhomo wopitilira 60%.
Kuchuluka kwa malonda a Daye Special Steel Bearing Steel ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu azinthu zonse zogulitsa ku China, ndipo njanji yonyamula zitsulo imakhala 60% ya msika wapadziko lonse lapansi.Daye Special zitsulo zokhala ndi zitsulo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ponyamula njanji zothamanga kwambiri ku France ndi Germany, komanso mayendedwe a njanji othamanga kwambiri ochokera ku China.Daye Special Steel, zitsulo zokhala ndi mphamvu zapamwamba zopangira ma shaft amphamvu kwambiri komanso zinthu zogubuduza mphamvu zamphepo, zimakhala ndi msika wapakhomo wopitilira 85%, ndipo zitsulo zokhala ndi mphamvu zamphepo zapamwamba zimatumizidwa ku Europe, India. ndi mayiko ena.
Kupanga ndi kugulitsa zitsulo za Xingcheng Special Steel zakhala zikuyambira ku China kwa zaka 16 zotsatizana komanso koyamba padziko lapansi kwa zaka 10 zotsatizana.Pamsika wapakhomo, gawo lazitsulo zapamwamba kwambiri lafika pa 85%.Kuyambira 2003, zitsulo zokhala ndi Xingcheng Special Steel zasinthidwa pang'onopang'ono ndi opanga asanu ndi atatu apamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza Sweden SKF, Germany Schaeffler, Japan NSK, France ntn-snr, ndi zina zambiri.
Pankhani ya msika wapakhomo, mabizinesi aku China amakhala ambiri pamsika.China ndi msika waukulu.Mwachionekere n’zosamveka kulankhula za dziko popanda China.Izi sizikuthandizira kutsogola kwa Japan padziko lonse lapansi kwazaka zambiri.Mawu oyambirira a Wang Huaishi, Mlembi Wamkulu wa China Special Steel Enterprise Association, ali motere: khalidwe lakuthupi la zitsulo zonyamula katundu ku China lafika pamtunda wotsogola wapadziko lonse, womwe umasonyezedwa osati mu zizindikiro zaumisiri, komanso kuitanitsa ndi kuitanitsa. kutumiza kunja.
Kumbali imodzi, kuchuluka kwa zitsulo zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja ndizochepa kwambiri, ndipo China ikhoza kupanga pafupifupi mitundu yonse;Kumbali inayi, zitsulo zambiri zapamwamba zomwe zimapangidwa ku China zimatumizidwa kunja ndikugulidwa ndi makampani apadziko lonse lapansi.
Chitsulo champhamvu kwambiri
Kuphatikiza apo, chitsulo champhamvu kwambiri chimatanthawuza chitsulo chokhala ndi mphamvu zokolola zazikulu kuposa 1180mpa ndi mphamvu zamakokedwe zazikulu kuposa 1380mpa.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani opanga ndege komanso magalimoto.Ndi zida zachitsulo zapamwamba kwambiri, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga zida zoikira ndege ndi zida zachitetezo pamagalimoto.Chitsulo choyimira kwambiri champhamvu kwambiri m'munda wamagalimoto ndi aluminiyamu ya silicon yokutidwa ndi chitsulo chopangidwa ndi moto.Aluminium silicon zokutira zotentha zopangira zinthu zimapangitsa ArcelorMittal kukhala bizinesi yomwe ili ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri pamsika wazitsulo zazitsulo za BIW padziko lapansi.ArcelorMittal aluminiyamu ya silicon yokutira yotentha yopangira zinthu zopangira zitsulo zimakhala pafupifupi 20% yazitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa BIW (kuphatikiza magalimoto oyendetsedwa ndi mafuta ndi magetsi) padziko lapansi.
Aluminiyamu silikoni yokutidwa 1500MPa otentha masitampu zitsulo ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa mbali chitetezo magalimoto, ndi ntchito pachaka pafupifupi matani 4 miliyoni padziko lonse.Ukadaulo wokutira wa aluminium silicon udapangidwa ndi ArcelorMittal waku Luxembourg mu 1999 ndipo pang'onopang'ono adapanga ulamuliro padziko lonse lapansi.Chitsulo champhamvu kwambiri pamagalimoto wamba ndi pafupifupi 5000 yuan pa tani, pomwe aluminiyamu yokutira chitsulo chotentha chopangidwa ndi ArcelorMittal ndi yoposa 8000 yuan pa tani, yomwe ndi yokwera mtengo 60%.Kuphatikiza pa kupanga kwake, ArcelorMittal idzaperekanso chilolezo kwa makampani angapo azitsulo padziko lonse lapansi kuti apange ndi kugulitsa, amalipira malipiro apamwamba a chilolezo cha patent.Mpaka chaka cha 2019, pamsonkhano waku China wamagalimoto opepuka, gulu la Pulofesa Yi Hongliang, State Key Laboratory laukadaulo wopukutira komanso makina opitilira a Northeast University, adatulutsa ukadaulo watsopano wa aluminium silicon wokutira, ndikuphwanya ulamuliro wazaka 20 wa ArcelorMittal.
Chogulitsa chodziwika bwino pamakampani oyendetsa ndege ndi chitsulo chapadziko lonse lapansi cha faifi tambala 300M cha kampaniyo ndi chitsulo chofikira chomwe chili ndi mphamvu zapamwamba kwambiri, magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri komanso omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.Pakalipano, zoposa 90% ya zida zoyatsira ndege zankhondo ndi ndege zapagulu zomwe zikugwira ntchito ku United States zimapangidwa ndi chitsulo cha 300M.
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
Kupatula chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, dzina loti "chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri" limachokera kuti chitsulo chamtunduwu sichapafupi kuwononga ndi dzimbiri ngati chitsulo wamba.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani olemera, mafakitale opepuka, mafakitale ofunikira tsiku ndi tsiku, zokongoletsera zomangamanga ndi mafakitale ena.Mabizinesi 10 apamwamba pakupanga zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi: China Qingshan, China Taiyuan Iron ndi chitsulo, South Korea POSCO chitsulo ndi chitsulo, China Chengde, Spain acerinox, Finland ottokunp, Europe ampron, China Anshan Iron ndi chitsulo, Lianzhong chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, China Delong nickel ndi China Baosteel chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.
Gawo la kupanga zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi 56,3% ku China, 15.1% ku Asia (kupatula China ndi South Korea), 13% ku Europe ndi 5% ku United States.Kupanga kwa China ndikwambiri kuposa mayiko ena.
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
Kupatula chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, dzina loti "chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri" limachokera kuti chitsulo chamtunduwu sichapafupi kuwononga ndi dzimbiri ngati chitsulo wamba.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani olemera, mafakitale opepuka, mafakitale ofunikira tsiku ndi tsiku, zokongoletsera zomangamanga ndi mafakitale ena.Mabizinesi 10 apamwamba pakupanga zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi: China Qingshan, China Taiyuan Iron ndi chitsulo, South Korea POSCO chitsulo ndi chitsulo, China Chengde, Spain acerinox, Finland ottokunp, Europe ampron, China Anshan Iron ndi chitsulo, Lianzhong chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, China Delong nickel ndi China Baosteel chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.
Gawo la kupanga zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi 56,3% ku China, 15.1% ku Asia (kupatula China ndi South Korea), 13% ku Europe ndi 5% ku United States.Kupanga kwa China ndikwambiri kuposa mayiko ena.
Chitsulo chosakhwima
Tiye tikambirane za zitsulo zosapanganika.China ndi 56.5%, European Union 8.4%, India 5.3%, Japan 4.5%, Russia 3.9%, United States 3.9%, South Korea 3.6%, Turkey 1.9% ndi Brazil 1.7%. .China ili patsogolo kwambiri pamsika.
Poyerekeza zinthu zosiyanasiyana zazitsulo muzitsulo zamtengo wapatali za piramidi yachitsulo, mpikisano weniweni wa msika sumasonyeza kuti Japan yakhala ikutsogolera dziko kwa zaka zambiri.Nkhani zambiri ndi mavidiyo pa Intaneti amanena kuti Japan zitsulo amatsogolera dziko kulankhula za m'badwo wachisanu umodzi galasi superalloy woyamba kupangidwa ndi Japan, umene uli maziko.
Ziyenera kudziwika kuti crystal superalloy imodzi iyenera kudutsa zaka zoposa 15 zachitukuko kuchokera ku chitukuko mpaka kukhwima.Mwachitsanzo, m'badwo wachiwiri wa single crystal superalloy Ren é N5, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi GE, unayamba kukula kwa aloyi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 ndipo sunagwiritsidwe ntchito mpaka pakati ndi kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990.M'badwo wachiwiri wa single crystal superalloy pwa1484, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi Pratt Whitney, unayamba kukula koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 ndipo sunagwiritsidwe ntchito ku F110 ndi ma aeroengines ena apamwamba mpaka pakati ndi kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990.
Ndizosatheka kuti mapulojekiti a injini m'maiko ena atengere mopupuluma mtundu wachisanu wa crystal superalloy waku Japan.Njira yokhayo yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi womenya nkhondo ya m'badwo watsopano wa Japan.Boma la Japan likukonzekera kutumiza mbadwo watsopano wankhondo mu 2035, ndiye kuti, zidzatenga nthawi yayitali kuti muwone m'badwo wachisanu uwu wa crystal superalloy womwe ukugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.Ndiye Japan Kodi m'badwo wachisanu wa single crystal superalloy umagwira ntchito bwanji?Zonse sizikudziwikabe.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti m'badwo woyamba mpaka wachinayi wa crystal superalloys wa ku Japan sanagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri, zomwe ndi zokwanira kusonyeza kuti ma crystal superalloys aku Japan ali m'mbuyo pakali pano.Mpikisano wamsika wa superalloy, chida ndi chitsulo chofewa, zitsulo zokhala ndi zitsulo, zitsulo zokwera kwambiri, zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri sizikuwonetsa m'badwo wachisanu umodzi wa crystal superalloy womwe zitsulo zaku Japan zakhala zikutsogolera dziko lapansi kwazaka zambiri ndipo sizinakhalepo kwenikweni. ntchito.Sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito kutsimikizira kuti zitsulo za ku Japan zakhala zikutsogolera dziko lapansi kwa zaka zambiri, ngakhale olemba nkhani ndi mavidiyowa ali ndi luso loyang'ana zam'tsogolo, komanso sangathe kusintha zenizeni.
Anzake ambiri adafunsa kuti, "chifukwa chiyani Chinese sichikhoza?", Anthu ambiri adayankha kuti: "Machining aku China ndi osauka, ndipo chithandizo cha kutentha sichiri chabwino."pali mafunso ndi mayankho ambiri ofanana.M'malo mwake, anthu ambiri sangadziwe kuti China sikuti imangopereka zida zopangira - zitsulo zokhala ndi mabizinesi akunja, komanso imapereka magawo ofunikira komanso mayendedwe omaliza amakampani odziwika akunja monga SKF ku Sweden, Schaeffler ku Germany, Timken mu United States ndi NSK ku Japan.
Mwachidule, pali gawo lina la "zopangidwa ku China" pakati pa opanga asanu ndi awiri apamwamba padziko lonse lapansi.Mabizinesi odziwika bwino monga SKF ku Sweden, Schaeffler ku Germany, Timken ku United States ndi NSK ku Japan amatha kugula magawo achi China ndi zida zopangira m'magulu, zomwe ndi zokwanira kutsimikizira kuti machining aku China ndi chithandizo cha kutentha angakumane ndiukadaulo wamakasitomala. zofunika;Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mayendedwe achi China ndi mabizinesi odziwika akunja kumatha kufotokozeranso zaukadaulo ndi magwiridwe antchito a mayendedwe aku China, omwe angakwaniritse zosowa zenizeni za ogwiritsa ntchito.
Kukula kwamakampani aku China kwakula kwambiri ndikukula kwa nthawi.Kuyambira kukhazikitsidwa kwa mafakitale mpaka kutengera luso laukadaulo, komanso kuchokera pakukula kwa zotulutsa mpaka kugulitsa chaka ndi chaka, titha kuuza dziko lapansi kuti China ili kale dziko losagwedezeka, ndipo kuchuluka kwa kupanga kwakhala pakati pa mayiko apamwamba kwambiri padziko lapansi. !Monga mtundu wa 1 wa e-commerce wamakampani aku China, Mobei adzaperekanso mphamvu zake kumakampani opanga zinthu zaku China potengera momwe dziko la China lilili, kotero kuti "zopangidwa ku China" zitha kumveka padziko lonse lapansi!
Nthawi yotumiza: Sep-27-2021